Yurt / Ger
Yurt Notes & Calculator
Yurt / Ger Diary
Yurt Builder Conference
Living Notes
Material Notes


Site Search


Enter term & press ENTER


If you found the information useful, consider to make a donation:


 

Page << Prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Next >>

Yurt Notes & Calculator

written by Rene K. Mueller, Copyright (c) 2005, 2006, 2008, last updated Sun, September 22, 2013

Wheel / Toono

The crown wheel or toono can be implemented in various ways, I feature two common ones more detailed:

Traditional


Toono (traditional)
If your roof poles (or rather laths) are rectangular, the wheel could be composed by two flat rings, and 2 times npoles small pole spacers, which force the roof lath to remain in a particular angle and tilt. The roof lath is slightly wrought so it fits into, with the αroof (roof tilt).

The How-To Manuals on Yurts has more detailed information, e.g. the end of the poles you usually saw a small 2-3cm cut in, so the pole can lay on the top khana cord, additional fixation required.


8 Segment Wheel


Toono with 8 segments
In case you consider round roof poles (such as bamboo, or rectangular profile whose ends you round) then a n-edged polygon approximation of a circle build by wtoono wide lath(s) is most easy, and you drill holes into the wheel.

edges, dwheel = cm, wtoono = cm, npoles =


Toono/Wheel Sketch

αsegment = °
r = dwheel/2 - h/2 = cm
l0 = tan(αsegment) * r * 2 = cm
l1 = l0 + tan(αsegment) * wtoono/2 * 2 = cm
l2 = l0 - tan(αsegment) * wtoono/2 * 2 = cm
lerror = √((l1/2)2 + (dwheel/2)2) - dwheel/2 = cm

All segments as one long lath apprx.cm

The higher the n-edges, the lesser the lerror to the ideal circle. I think it might be suitable to drill the holes deeper to compensate the lerror - I won't recommend you make certain roof poles shorter than others. I experienced that an error of 1-2cm can be neglected when the diameter of the yurt is 5m or larger.

Note: You have to be very exact with angle and length of each segment, errors accumulate with higher degree or amount of segments.

Optionally I found that putting the dowels after I glued the segments easier, and less erroneous as the position of dowels can vary then more.

A 8-segment crown-wheel / toono 122cm diameter I made:

Toono 8 segments
2005/09/28 11:42
Putting together two segments
2005/09/28 13:35
And so on ...
2005/09/28 13:56
The toono finished, without roof pole holes, glued and tied with a rope to press together for 12 hours
2005/09/28 14:07


Multiple Polygon Layers

Multiple Layers

You may use multiple flat polygons (use the calculator above), and rotate each new layer a bit and overlay 3 or 4 of them (e.g each 1.5-2cm thick), glue and maybe screw them together as well - and then saw a circle (outside, and inside), this approach has more overhead, but is most suitable for larger diameters.

A 12-segment 3 layers crown-wheel / toono, 195cm diameter I made:

12 Segment, 3 Layers Crown-wheel (36 segments): laying out a quarter (1)
2006/06/13 17:41
2006/06/13 17:42
Marking the half of each segment in order to position the segments
2006/06/13 17:44
12x3 Segment crown-wheel: quarter layout (not yet glued)
2006/06/13 17:45
Glueing . . .
2006/06/13 17:46
Positioning . . .
2006/06/13 17:46
12x3 segment crown-wheel: 4 quarters glued, with remaining connecting segments
2006/06/15 11:07
Completing the 12x3 segment crown-wheel: layout (not yet glued)
2006/06/15 11:09
12x3 segment crown-wheel: completely glued
2006/06/15 11:32
12x3 segment crown-wheel: complete (no frame or pole holes yet)
2006/06/15 19:41
12x3 segment crown-wheel: complete (no frame or pole holes yet)
2006/06/15 19:42
Beautifying the wheel
2006/07/10 16:54

And finally I will use screws to fixate the layers - photos will follow of this version of a crown-wheel.

Crownless

There is also a "crownless" option available by laying the roof poles unto each other, and thereby form a stable crown and cone-like roof of the yurt.

A few photos of a quick experiment I made a while back for a dome model, but using the same "crownless" approach:

Closed the circle
2006/05/06 18:26
Overview
2006/05/06 18:27
Closeup (3)
2006/05/06 18:27


Crownless Details

Expressions:

  • α = 2 π / npoles or 360° / npoles
  • l = √( r12 - r22 ) or
  • l = √( (d/2)2 - (dwheel/2)2 )
  • x = tan(α/2) * r2 or tan(α/2) * (dwheel/2)
  • lpole = l + x

Note: this is a 2D calculation approach, the 3D calculation approach with tilted roof with αroof and poles with a certain thickness is a bit more complex to calculate, but it won't differ as much from this 2D approach I would say; I may later extend this to a full 3D calculation approach.

It's also a certain challenge to fixate the crossing of the poles, where they lay on each other. Be aware this approach is a bit more complex: e.g. you may have to build the roof grid on the ground and lift it up unto the lattice wall, as you cannot create a stable crown with 3 or 4 poles, you require to assemble all of them - for a more stationary yurt but it may be a good option, as you only require roof poles, no rather complex crown-wheel.

I'm considering this approach for stiffening a soft skylight or creating a supporting skylight grid, using the inner diameter as airing opening, and have a solid cover of that inner most and most top cover, compare the notes below on "Skylight".

Other Ways

There are other ways to build a toono, e.g. 6 round segments put together to form a full round circle, or two copper rings held together with distance husks which have the length of the diameter of the poles plus some spare, this solution like the traditional toono tend to rotate, and the roof poles instead to reach the toono by 90° but 70-80° (see photo below), and so the toono often has tilt, and makes the roof look asymmetric. This is why I like to build a toono with holes so the poles keep angle (vertical & horizontal) to the toono.

Roof Weight

To estimate the weight of the roof, dried wood is 550kg/m3, which is 0.55g/cm3, so all laths, plus the cover (e.g. 300g/m2), e.g. a 6m yurt with cotton cover, and 3m x 3cm x 3cm wood lath apprx. 90kg for laths, plus 15kg for the cover, and the toono apprx. 10kg = 120kg total, divided by nlaths e.g. 60 poles, apprx. 2kg per pole; this needs to be kept in mind that this weight will on the toono and on the khana per pole.

Skylight / Toono Cover


Toono and plastic sphere as cover
The traditional way is to use a rectangular canvas to cover the round toono or crown wheel; what I have seen in the Yurt Village Switzerland (yurt village) that they use 2/8 or 3/8 plastic (PVC) or perspex sphere which brings daylight into the yurt, despite of rain or so.


Clear PVC Toono Cover
I have chosen another approach to do the cover, using clear PVC and make a cone to put over the toono, since I used the 8-segment crown-wheel / toono approach I also made a collar on the toono and a frame for the clear PVC cone, which go within each other. A lifting mechanism is added to lift up the cover on demand.

Here the step by step how I did it:

Preparing clear PVC
2005/11/22 15:39
Clear PVC cut-out, to form a cone
2005/11/23 12:00
Roof cover frame segments
2005/11/22 15:39
22.5° angle for 8 segment polygon frame
2005/11/22 15:56
Reenforcement to screw segments together
2005/11/22 16:07
2005/11/22 16:23
2005/11/22 17:26
Clear PVC patched, and laid over frame
2005/11/23 12:13
Attaching clear PVC
2005/11/23 13:09
2005/11/23 13:09
Outer clear PVC layer attached
2005/11/23 14:12
Taped frame
2005/11/23 14:35
Two layers: one inside, and outside reaching over the frame
2005/11/23 15:49
Attaching cord to fixate roof cover to roof
2005/11/23 15:49
Dual willow spokes skylight enhancement
2008/02/18 14:09

As an upgrade I used willow sticks as spokes and formed a supporting star between the two layers of PVC preventing heavy snow pushing the cone inside which only happened a few times (2-3 times in the winter); often the snow slided or even melted when I was heating the yurt, but the few times it happened it was early morning when I usually didn't heat yet (see last picture above).


Willow Rod/Bows Options
Further, here a few options using willow or hazel branch or rod to form a skylight grid.

Single Rod/Bow: the branch doesn't narrow too quickly, and is moderatly thick, at least 8mm at the narrow end. I noticed, the willow bow is easy to prebend in order to create a symmetric bow.

  • frame diameter: 122cm
  • rod/spoke length: ~140cm
  • thickness: 0.9-1.5cm (variance 66%)

Double Rod/Bow Under-Aside-Over: two branches are arranged that one branch narrow end goes below the thicker end of the other, aside of each in the middle, and then again the thicker end over the narrow end.

  • frame diameter: 122cm
  • rod/spoke length: ~140cm
  • thickness: 0.5-1.0cm (variance 100%)

The third example in the photo series below shows that I used bamboo stick connected in the mids of the segment of the octagon (8-sided frame), this was due the length of the bamboo stick as I would have prefered to attach the spoke in the junction frame segment like the other two skylights.

Skylight grid: single willow rod (diameter 122cm)
2008/03/22 13:48
Skylight grid: single willow rod, close up connection to frame
2008/03/22 13:48
Skylight grid: single willow rod, close up center
2008/03/22 13:48
Skylight grid: double willow rods under-aside-over (diameter 122cm)
2008/03/22 13:47
Skylight grid: double willow rods under-aside-over, close up connection to frame
2008/03/22 13:47
Skylight grid: double willow rods under-aside-over, close up center
2008/03/22 13:47
Skylight grid: bamboo sticks (4mm thick) (diameter 95cm)
2008/04/07 17:03
Skylight grid: bamboo sticks, close up connection to frame
2008/04/07 17:03
Skylight grid: bamboo sticks, close up center
2008/04/07 17:03

Detail Observation


Close up on skylight spoke to frame
I used to drill first horizontally into the frame segment junction and while drilling change the angle of the auger, this way you won't slide off. Then I measure the length of each bow, and made sure the order of spoke from (top to down) was working, e.g. if necessary cut off some length so it would match below the previous bow - then I cut the ends pointy; once all bows were fitted this way, I began to glue (with wood glue which is water resistant) all holes in the frame and reinserted the bows, and let it dry for 4-5 hours. As you noticed, I used cable-binders or cable-ties to fixate double branches, as well fixate the center that way.

Refining the skylight grid

In case some further refinement is required, I decided this procedure:


Skylight grid with rings and shortened subspokes

Skylight grid: single willow rods with bamboo rings & shortened subspokes
2008/04/05 14:37
Skylight grid: single willow rods with bamboo rings & shortened subspokes (closeup)
2008/04/05 14:37
Skylight grid: single willow rods with bamboo rings & shortened subspokes (closeup)
2008/04/05 14:37

The final cover will be either some bubble-wrap or if I find a material which is a bit flexible then pull it over the skylight grid. Btw, the frame segments are glued and with a short strip of eyed sheet metal screwed over the junction on the side to reinforce the corner.

Skinned vs Unskinned Willow

Unskinned willow remains flexible and has better bending and overall stability. Fresh skinned willow is very flexible, and one can bent it and undue bows and make it straight, or bent it to a certain radius and let it dry while remaining in this form; once dried out is stiff, but has somewhat limited strength compared to bamboo. Skinned willow is almost white, and looks aesthetically.


Next Page >>

Page << Prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Next >>

Content:



Home  ·  About  ·  
Tipi
  ·  
Yurt
  ·  
Dome
  ·  Features  ·  Gallery


Print   ·   Bookmark


Creative Commons (CC) BY-SA-NC 2005-2017, developed, designed and written by René K. Müller
Graphics & illustrations made with Inkscape, Tgif, Gimp, PovRay, GD.pm
Web-Site powered by FreeBSD & Debian/Linux - 100% Open Source